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''Typha latifolia'' (bulrush, common bulrush, broadleaf cattail, common cattail, great reedmace, cooper's reed, cumbungi) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the genus ''Typha''. It is found as a native plant species in North and South America, Europe, Eurasia, and Africa.〔("Typha latifolia (aquatic plant)" ), Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 2011-02-21.〕 In Canada, broadleaf cattail occurs in all provinces and also in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, and in the United States, it is native to all states except Hawaii.〔(Flora of North America vol 22 p 282. )〕〔("Typha latifolia, U.S. Forest Service Fire Effects Information Database" ), U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 2011-02-20〕 It is an introduced and invasive species, and considered a noxious weed, in Australia and Hawaii.〔("Typha latifolia (Typhaceae) Species description or overview" ), Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR). Retrieved 2011-02-21.〕 It is not native but has been reported in Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.〔 ''T. latifolia'' has been found in a variety of climates, including tropical, subtropical, southern and northern temperate, humid coastal, and dry continental.〔 It is found at elevations from sea level to 7,500 feet (2,300 m). ''T. latifolia'' is an "obligate wetland" species, meaning that it is always found in or near water.〔("USDA Plant Guide: Typha latifolia" ), United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-20.〕 The species generally grows in flooded areas where the water depth does not exceed 2.6 feet (0.8 meters).〔("Broadleaf Cattail" ), Utah State University Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 2011-02-20.〕 However, it has also been reported growing in floating mats in slightly deeper water.〔 ''T. latifolia'' grows mostly in fresh water but also occurs in slightly brackish marshes.〔 The species can displace other species native to salt marshes upon reduction in salinity. Under such conditions the plant may be considered invasive, since it interferes with preservation of the salt marsh habitat.〔 ''T. latifolia'' shares its range with other related species, and hybridizes with ''Typha angustifolia'', narrow-leaf cattail, to form ''Typha × glauca'' (''Typha angustifolia × T. latifolia''), white cattail.〔 Common cattail is usually found in shallower water than narrow-leaf cattail. The plant is 1.5 to 3 metres (5 to 10 feet) high and it has 2–4 cm (¾ to 1½ inch) broad leaves, and will generally grow out in to 0.75 to 1 metre (2 to 3 feet) of water depth. ''T. latifolia'' is called totora, espadaña común, tule espidilla, or piriope in Spanish; roseau des étangs in French; tifa or mazzasorda in Italian, and tabua-larga in Portuguese.〔 ==Uses== Traditionally, ''Typha latifolia'' has been a part of many native North American cultures, as a source of food, medicine, and for other uses. The rhizomes are edible after cooking and removing the skin, while peeled stems and leaf bases can be eaten raw, or cooked. Young flower spikes are edible as well.〔Turner, Nancy J. ''Food Plants of Interior First Peoples'' (Victoria: UBC Press, 1997) ISBN 0-7748-0606-0〕 Some cultures make use of the roots of ''T. latifolia'' as a poultice for boils, burns, or wounds. The Hopi Kachinas give the plant to children with toys attached, such as bows and dolls during the Home Dance. While ''Typha latifolia'' grows all over, including in rural areas, it is not advisable to eat specimens deriving from polluted water as it absorbs pollutants and in fact is used as a bioremediator. Specimens with a very bitter or spicy taste should not be eaten.〔(YouTube - Wild Living with Sunny: episode 4 ) Video describing collection and cooking of common cattail.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Typha latifolia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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